Ibisobanuro:
Isahani ya chromiumiboneka mubucuruzi mumyaka irenga 50.Isahani yumwimerere ya chromium isobanurwa muri Mil Std 14538 ibika chromium yumukara kuva achromiumamashanyarazi.Mu myaka icumi ishize, habaye iterambere ryubucuruzi bwamafaranga ya chromium yabitswe kuva achromiumamashanyarazi.Uru rupapuro ruzasuzuma ibiranga kubitsa no gusuzuma imikorere yibi bisa, arikoisahani itandukanyekubitsa.
Intangiriro
Ubwiza n'Inyamanswa (Igifaransa: La Belle et la Bête) ni umugani wanditswe n'umwanditsi w'ibitabo by'Abafaransa Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve kandi wasohotse mu 1740. Kugereranya kwacu n'iki kiganiro ntabwo bizaba ku mugani ahubwo ni itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibitandukanyatbahanganye kandihexavalentchromium ishingiye kumukara wa chromium.
Igishushanyo 1 kigereranya isura yuburyo butatu kandi butandukanye.Ibumoso hari chromium sulfate ishingiye kubintu bitatu byirabura bya chromium.Ibara ryibisubizo ni ubururu bwimbitse, ikigega kirasukuye, kandi igisubizo kirahamye.Twahisemo byoroshye ko iki gikorwa kizitwa Ubwiza muriki kiganiro.
Iburyo hari chromium trioxide ishingiye kuri chromium yumukara.Ibara ryibisubizo ni umutuku.Mugihe cya electroplating, gaze ya hydrogène ihindagurika, ishobora gukora chromium irimo ibicu.Iki gihu kigomba kugenzurwa nogukoresha amazi cyangwa gusunika-gukurura umwuka.Hexavalent black chromium, byibuze kubindi bisigaye byerekana, bizerekanwa nkibyiza.
Igishushanyo 1 - Kugereranya ibintu byoroheje na hexavalent yumukara wa chromium.
Intego y'iki gikorwa ni ugusuzuma ubundi buryo bwirabura bwa chromium electroplating kubitsa no kumenya imikoreshereze ifatika kandi ikwiranye niyi myenda imbere mumbere no hanze yimodoka nubucuruzi.Icyibandwaho ni imikorere yimikorere iranga, harimo kurinda ruswa, kurwanya ibishushanyo, kurwanya ikizinga no kugaragara byombi byabitswe na chromium yumukara.Ibisubizo bigomba kuba nk'ubuyobozi bufatika bwo guhitamo ibyiza byo guhuza ibipapuro kugirango ugere ku bikorwa biteganijwe.Turashaka kandi kumenya uburyo ububiko bwa chromium bwirabura bugereranya nubundi buryo bwo gutwikira umukara, harimo PVD, ikoti ryifu yumukara na nikel yumukara wa electroless.
Amavu n'amavuko
Ipatanti ya chromium yirabura yatangiriye mu 1952. Ipatanti yambere ijyanye no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ya chromium yumukara, yahawe Gilbert na Buhman.1 Gilbert na Buhman bakoze uburyo bwo gukoresha chromic anhydride yo mu mazi na acide acike kugirango bagere ku cyatsi cyijimye kugeza kubitsa umukara kuri Ibice by'imbunda, ibikoresho bya artillerie n'ibikoresho bya gisirikare kuri Rock Island Arsenal.1 Andi patenti yatanzwe na Westinghouse Electric mu 1956 hamwe na Kewanee Oil Company (Harshaw Chemical), yatanzwe mu 1971.2,3 Patent ya Harshaw Chemical, yaje kwimurwa binyuze muri M&T Chemical, kandi ubu iragurishwa munsi ya Atotech Chemical tradename Econo-chrome BK.
Patent ya mbere yaisahani ya chromiumitariki guhera mu ntangiriro ya 1970. Gyllenspentz na Renton ya Albright na Wilson;kimwe na Tremmel ya OMI (ubu ni MacDermid Enthone), bari mubapayiniya ba mbere kugirango bakore iterambere ryubwiherero bwa chromium butatu.Ibikorwa bya Tremmel byibanze ku gukoresha imiti ya thiazole, mu gihe ibikorwa bya Gyllenspentz na Renton byibanze ku gukoresha ifumbire, acetate, bromide na amonium kugira ngo igere ku bicuruzwa biboneka mu bucuruzi.4-7 Byongeye kandi, gutunganya ibicuruzwa bishya bitanga chloride cyangwa chimie ishingiye kuri sulfate ni byinshi bisanzwe bikoreshwa ubu byoroshye kugenzura.
Kugereranya ibikorwa
Imbonerahamwe 1 igereranya ibipimo byimikorere ya chloride na sulfate ya verisiyo ya chromium yumukara hamwe na chromium yumukara wa hexavalent.3 Itandukaniro ryambere kandi ryingenzi mubikorwa ni muri electrolyte.Inzira ya chromium yumukara ikoresha chloride cyangwa sulfate yumunyu wicyuma hamwe na chromium kuri electrolyte, mugihe chromium yumukara wa hexavalent ikoresha chromium trioxide (cyangwa aside chromic) mubice byingenzi.Ubwiherero butatu bukora kuri pH ya 2-4 mugihe chromium yumukara ya hexavalent ikora kuri pH iri munsi ya 1. Ubushyuhe bwo gukora burasa mubisubizo uko ari bitatu.
Kanda hano wige:Itandukaniro hagati ya Chromium Trivalent na Chromium Hexavalent
Imbonerahamwe 1 - Kugereranya imikorere ya chloride Cr (III), sulfate Cr (III) na Cr (VI)
Inzira.
Kubijyanye no guta no gukwirakwiza, inzira ya chromium yumukara ifite imbaraga nziza zo guta kandi izatwikira ibice byuzuye udakoresheje anode idasanzwe.Ibishushanyo mbonera bya racking birashobora gukoreshwa.
Ariko, ntabwo aribyo byerekeranye na chromium yumukara.Imikorere ni mibi itera kubura guta no gutwikira imbaraga.Hatariho ibikoresho bidasanzwe (urugero, anode zifasha), ububiko bwa chromium bwirabura buzaba bufite igicucu cyinshi cyumuhondo nicyatsi / umukara, kandi ibintu byinshi bigize imiti bigomba kuringanizwa kugirango umukara mwiza ube hejuru yubucucike buriho.
Ibyerekeye CheeYuen
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-26-2024